Martian differentiation history inferred from copper isotopes

Sulfide segregation plays an important role in redistributing chalcophile elements during planetary differentiation, yet its efficiency on Mars remains poorly constrained. Here, we report the Cu isotopic evidence for planetary-scale sulfide segregation during martian differentiation. We find that the bulk silicate Mars exhibits a measurable enrichment in isotopically heavy Cu (δ⁶⁵Cu_BSMa = -0.03 ± 0.08‰, 2 SD) compared with its chondritic precursors (δ⁶⁵Cu = -0.30 ± 0.09‰). This isotopic offset cannot be explained by magma ocean devolatilization alone and instead requires preferential incorporation of isotopically light Cu into the core via sulfide segregation. A two-stage core formation model, constrained by established martian building blocks, yields an upper limit for mantle sulfur (400-443 μg/g) with corresponding copper (6-8 μg/g) abundances. These values are consistent with previous estimates for a sulfur-poor martian mantle, as such a mantle facilitates the generation of S-undersaturated melts. Our model further supports a sulfur-rich martian core (~16.1 wt.% S and ~354 μg/g Cu). These findings identify sulfide segregation as a key control on Cu isotopic compositions and chalcophile element budgets during planetary differentiation, providing constraints on Mars' early evolution.