A multidimensional model of ethical challenges in hemodialysis: a qualitative study for specialist physicians

The conceptual model reveals the multi-level nature of ethical challenges in hemodialysis practice, spanning systemic policies, interprofessional relationships, and individual dilemmas. The findings specifically call for targeted interventions at each level: policy reforms to address resource constraints, team-based strategies to improve clinical collaborations, and support systems to alleviate practitioners' ethical distress. These evidence-based insights empower stakeholders to develop comprehensive solutions addressing the interconnected challenges identified.