Operationalizing the European sustainability competence framework: Development and validation of learning outcomes for GreenComp

<ns3:p>Background The European sustainability competence framework (GreenComp) lacks clearly defined learning outcomes, hindering its effective implementation and assessment. This paper addresses this critical gap by developing measurable learning outcomes within the OpenPass4Climate project. Methods A structured approach involving co-design workshops with 48 stakeholders across four countries, expert validation by a 12-member panel using a modified Delphi method, and comprehensive coverage analysis was employed. This iterative process led to the development of 40 learning outcomes aligned with GreenComp’s four competence areas. These outcomes were formulated to be observable, measurable, and assessable. Results The process successfully yielded 40 learning outcomes, providing concrete, actionable targets that operationalize GreenComp’s theoretical framework into practical educational tools. This developed framework facilitates the recognition of sustainability competencies through Open Badges and supports the integration of sustainability education across formal, non-formal, and informal learning contexts. Conclusions This work contributes to advancing Education for Sustainable Development. However, challenges persist in ensuring universal applicability, balancing standardization with contextual adaptation, and maintaining the holistic nature of sustainability within micro-credentialing systems.</ns3:p>