Temporal trends in the incidence and mortality of kidney cancer across BRICS from 1990 to 2021: an age-period-cohort analysis

The kidney cancer burden in BRICS countries demonstrates significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity, driven by mechanisms related to population aging, the prevalence of metabolic risk factors, and disparities in healthcare accessibility. The findings underscore the necessity of strengthening environmental governance, implementing metabolic health interventions, and optimizing healthcare resource allocation to advance health equity and achieve Sustainable Development Goals. These insights provide a scientific basis for developing cross-regional strategies for cancer control.