A four‐tier warning framework for pine wilt disease: integrating species distribution models and smart sensing approaches

This four-tier framework provides a feasible solution for stand-level early warning of PWD. By minimizing interference from non-PWD stressors, it improves detection accuracy while lowering labor and financial costs. Its integration of multiple frontier technologies offers an innovative, scalable tool for forest health monitoring in high-risk areas. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.