A Complete Characterization of Passive Unitary Normalizable (PUN) Gaussian States

We provide a complete characterization of the class of multimode quantum Gaussian states that can be reduced to a tensor product of thermal states using only a passive unitary operator. We call these states passive unitary normalizable (PUN) Gaussian states. The characterization of PUN Gaussian states is given in three different ways: (<tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$i$</tex>) in terms of their covariance matrices, (ii) using gauge-invariance (a special class of Glauber-Sudarshan p-functions), and (iii) with respect to the recently obtained <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$(A,\ \Lambda)$</tex> parametrization of Gaussian states in [J. Math. Phys. 62, 022102 (2021)]. In terms of the covariance matrix, our characterization states that an n-mode quantum Gaussian state is PUN if and only if its <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$2n\times 2n$</tex> quantum covariance matrix <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$S_{\mathrm{T}\mathfrak{i}}$</tex> is skew-Hamiltonian, i.e., it commutes with the standard symplectic matrix, <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\left[\begin{array}{cc} 0 &amp; I_n \\ -I_n &amp; 0 \end{array}\right]$</tex>, with <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$I_{n}$</tex> being the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$nxn$</tex> identity matrix. It is well-known that the so-called gauge-invariant Gaussian states are PUN, but whether the converse is true is not known in the literature to the best of our knowledge. We establish the converse in affirmation. Lastly, in terms of the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$(A,\ \Lambda)$</tex> -parameterization, we show that a Gaussian state with parameters <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$(A,\ \Lambda)$</tex> is PUN if and only if <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$A=0$</tex>