Analysis and interpretation of short intensity peaks in neutron monitor measurements

Neutron monitors are essential instruments for studying interplanetary conditions and space weather. Complementary to space-borne detectors, they extend the observable energy range beyond 50 GeV. While ground-level enhancements and Forbush decreases are well documented, shorter temporal increases in neutron count rates remain under-explored. This work investigates potential causes of such short intensity increases—single peaks—ranging from terrestrial effects (gamma-ray flashes, muon bursts) to solar energetic events and high-energy cosmic rays. Additionally, we aim to distinguish genuine physical phenomena from instrumental noise to avoid spurious data interpretation.