Human papillomavirus infection during pregnancy: an update, prevention and treatment

Objective: To perform a comprehensive and updated review of prevention and treatment of HPV infections during pregnancy, focus on existing research in Bulgaria and the United Kingdom, as well as any existing literature on the topic of research within the regional scope. Methodology: The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for systematic literature review. It adopted the methodological framework proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute (2015) and by Arksey and O’Malley’s (2005) approach of summary and dissemination of research findings. The research methodology consisted of three primary steps: planning, conducting, and reporting the review findings. Findings: The prevalence of HPV infection is higher in pregnant women as compared to non-pregnant women, and increases with the progression of the pregnancy. HPV infection of the intrauterine environment translates to adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, preeclampsia, and preterm premature rupture of membranes. Behavioural and therapeutic programs, as well as vaccination efforts, enhance effective prevention and treatment measures for HPV. Conclusion: There is a direct correlation between HPV infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes. HPV vaccination is an effective prevention and treatment measure for adverse pregnancy outcomes. Surgical or laser excision or application of trichloroacetic acid treatments are effective treatment options.