Assessing the Temporal Dynamics of Soil Health Parameters under Fluopyram Exposure

The use of pesticides in agriculture raises concerns regarding their impact on soil ecosystems. Although fluopyram is an effective fungicide and nematicide, knowledge gaps remain concerning its effects on soil. This study investigated the effects of a fluopyram-based pesticide on soil health and quality, using the following parameters: enzymatic activity; levels of ammonium (N– $${\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + }$$ ), nitrate (N– $${\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - }$$ ), and mineral nitrogen; microbial biomass carbon (MBC); soil basal respiration (SBR); and the metabolic quotient (qCO2). In this study, soil classified as Rhodic Ferralsol, was treated with the field-recommended dose of the pesticide, and the effects were evaluated under laboratory conditions at defined time intervals. The results revealed that fluopyram induced time-dependent alterations in microbiological variables, with parameter-specific changes, such as increased α-glucosidase activity and qCO2, and decreased β-glucosidase, acid phosphatase, and MBC. The strongest trends were observed on the seventh day, followed by a gradual decline. Partial recovery observed at 60 days suggests predominantly short-term effects, although cumulative impacts cannot be ruled out. This recovery indicates a certain degree of soil resilience. These findings highlight the need for integrated approaches to pesticide impact assessment, considering not only direct toxicity but also broader implications for soil ecosystem services.