Skeletal Adaptations to Locomotion and Feeding in Mediterranean Batoids (Raja asterias, Myliobatis aquila) and the Teleost Sparus aurata: A Comparative Study

In the Chondrichthyes <i>Raja asterias</i> and <i>Myliobatis aquila</i> and in the Teleost <i>Sparus aurata</i>, the appendicular skeleton of the pectoral fins (including the calcified structures of the mouth in <i>M. aquila</i>) was investigated to find out how the specific skeletal segments were formed and stiffened over the course of evolution, not only with regard to the adaptation of the ontogenesis of the cartilage "anlagen" to the mechanical requirements of locomotion in the water column, but also to the specific feeding habits (durophagy) of <i>M. aquila</i>. The morphology of the pectoral fins of the three species showed a different layout, characterized by the geometry of the basic units (aligned tesserae and calcified radial columns), which provide varied flexibility of the pectoral fins, suggesting an adaptation to the "pelagic" and "benthic" locomotion patterns in the environment where the species live. The morphology of the calcified structures in the mouth of <i>M. aquila</i> showed the presence of two different masticatory systems: the first (external) with the rows of teeth resting on the maxillary and mandibular arches, and the second (internal, in the oral cavity) with the symphyseal plates specialized for durophagy. Chemical-physical analyses revealed that the calcified cartilage matrix of the Chondrichthyes fin rays, teeth and durophagy plates is stiffened by the same Ca₃(PO₄)₂ mineral phase deposed in the organic matrix of the Teleost <i>S. aurata</i> fins (with the characteristic SEM morphological texture of calcified bone matrix). The hitherto unknown presence of two different chewing systems in <i>M. aquila</i> documents an evolutionary adaptation to nutritional requirements that can be explained by two hypotheses: the coexistence of two functioning systems in current specimens, allowing for the ingestion of harder and softer prey (or plant food), or the persistence of a rudimentary dentition that is no longer used (vestigial dentition). Furthermore, the texture of the calcified matrix in teleost fishes, as observed by scanning electron microscopy, may indicate a bone-like organic matrix substrate, similar to that found in endochondral ossification.