Insight on Assessment of Toxins and Heavy Metals in Food Products - A Concise View on Analytical Approach and Methods

Introduction: With the globalization of food supply chains, food safety has emerged as a critical global concern impacting public health, well-being, and economic stability. Chemical contaminants such as mycotoxins and heavy metals pose significant health risks, necessitating advanced detection and monitoring strategies to ensure food safety. Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDi-rect (2010-2025) using keywords like “food safety”, “heavy metals detection”, and “sample preparation…” Relevant studies were screened and reviewed to evaluate recent advancements in analytical technologies and sample preparation methods. Techniques such as SERS, ICP-MS, AFS, and AAS were assessed for sensitivity and accuracy, while novel preparation methods (mi-crowave-assisted digestion, ultrasonic extraction, slurry, and direct solid sampling) were analyzed for efficiency. Speciation analysis of arsenic and mercury was also included to address bioavaila-bility and toxicity. Results: Advanced analytical methods showed superior sensitivity and rapid detection of trace contaminants. Microwave-assisted digestion and ultrasonic extraction enhanced sample prepara-tion by reducing analyte loss and improving recovery rates. Direct solid sampling (e.g., graphite furnace AAS) and speciation analysis proved critical for assessing toxicological relevance. Discussion: These findings highlight the potential of integrating cutting-edge analytical technol-ogies and improved sample preparation methods into routine food analysis. They address chal-lenges of trace-level detection and offer strategies for mitigating chemical hazards in the food chain. Conclusion: Adopting advanced analytical and sample preparation techniques, supported by strengthened regulatory frameworks, is essential to ensuring food quality and safety and protect-ing public health globally.