“Recommendations for clinical study protocols for immune and inflammatory profiling in Parkinson’s disease”
Growing evidence supports the importance of immune processes in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, there is a need to improve the quality of observational clinical studies investigating the role of immunity in PD. In this context, an expert panel from the COST Action IMMUPARKNET (CA21117) aimed to develop guidance recommendations for conducting optimal immune profiling in PD. Firstly, criteria for inclusion and exclusion of participants, clinical data collection and participant stratification have been considered. Secondly, brain imaging of neuroinflammation has been reviewed. Finally, this review discusses sample collection, handling and storage of biological samples. In conclusion, this document aims to guide the scientific community in the optimal design of immune profiling studies in PD, so that we can generate robust and reliable data to advance our knowledge in this field.
Authors
- Sibel Ertan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1339-243X)
- Caroline H. Williams‐Gray (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2648-9743)
- Laura Muñoz‐Delgado (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8818-1824)
- Julia C. Greenland (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9267-0586)
- Gaëtan Garraux (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7829-2806)
- Isabel Machín-Díaz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6483-5726)
- Pablo Mir (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1656-302X)
- Alessia di Flora (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4199-4307)
- Inês Figueira (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4639-6883)
- Diego Clemente (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4829-9497)
- Stamatia Papoutsopoulou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6665-8508)
- Elenamaria Pirovano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5823-9255)
- Özgür Öztop Çakmak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3413-0332)
- Cristoforo Comi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6862-9468)
- Clotilde Tournerie (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0730-6454)
Institutions
- University of Insubria (IT)
- Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” (IT)
- Koç University (TR)
- University of Thessaly (GR)
- University of Liège (BE)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ES)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (ES)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (ES)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (ES)
- Servicio de Salud de Castilla La Mancha (ES)
- Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (ES)
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío (ES)
- Universidad de Sevilla (ES)
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa (PT)
Publication Details
- Journal
- npj Parkinson s Disease
- Published
- 2025-10-20
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-025-01146-1
- Primary Topic
- Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- UK Research and Innovation
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Parkinson's UK
- European Commission
- Rosetrees Trust
- Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS
- Université de Liège
- Junta de Andalucía
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas
- EMD Serono
- Medical Research Council
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre