Which Nonpharmacological Sleep Interventions Are Most Effective After Cardiac Surgery?: A Network Meta-analysis

Our findings highlight the clinical value of CBT for postsurgical sleep management and support development of standardized guidelines for its implementation. Future research should explore a broader range of nonpharmacological interventions, assess their effectiveness across different types of cardiac surgeries, and investigate alternative CBT models such as online or shortened versions tailored to this population. Integrating CBT into routine postoperative care could enhance patient sleep, recovery, and well-being after cardiac surgery.