AmpC β-lactamases: A key to antibiotic resistance in ESKAPE pathogens

We identified 1790 AmpC enzymes in nine distinct groups across ESKAPE pathogens, with species-specific distribution patterns and notable absence in Gram-positive bacteria. The PIB enzyme group demonstrated unique motif variants (YST/AQG) conferring carbapenem resistance, while other groups maintained conserved catalytic motifs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed evolutionary divergence and horizontal gene transfer potential, emphasizing the need for targeted therapeutic approaches against AmpC-mediated resistance.