Zirconia as a restorative material. Part 1: Overview of materials and fabrication techniques

Zirconia has undergone significant modifications to enhance its optical properties, with the percentage of yttria being a crucial determinant. Surface treatment techniques, such as air abrasion, primer application and resin cement application, play critical roles in achieving reliable zirconia restorations. This review explores the critical factors of transformation toughening and low-temperature degradation, interpreting their impact on zirconia's mechanical properties. It provides a brief explanation of the computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing process for fabricating zirconia restorations and explores the classification of zirconia variations. Additionally, it briefly discusses essential clinical aspects, such as tooth preparation and cementation techniques, specific to zirconia restorations. The review highlights the importance of carefully selecting zirconia owing to the diverse types available in the market. Factors such as yttria concentration and tooth preparation significantly influence the outcome of zirconia restorations. A comprehensive understanding of these factors is essential for making informed decisions in restorative dentistry. CPD/Clinical Relevance: This review offers dental professionals comprehensive insights into zirconia as a restorative material.