Insect Odorant-Binding Proteins (OBPs) and Chemosensory Proteins (CSPs): Mechanisms and Research Perspectives in Mediating Insecticide Resistance

Insecticide resistance has become a critical issue threatening global agricultural production and food security. Previous studies have primarily focused on resistance mechanisms such as target-site mutations, enhanced metabolic detoxification, and reduced cuticular penetration. However, growing evidence in recent years indicates that odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and chemosensory proteins (CSPs)-beyond their roles in chemoreception-also play key roles in the development of insecticide resistance. Research has revealed that these proteins significantly modulate insect susceptibility to insecticides through various mechanisms, including direct binding to insecticides, regulation of detoxification metabolic pathways, and influence on behavioral adaptations in pests. This review also systematically summarizes modern research strategies employed to investigate OBPs/CSPs functions, including high-throughput omics technologies, RNA interference, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, and molecular docking, while discussing the potential of targeting these proteins for developing novel insecticides and resistance management strategies. Although significant progress has been made in laboratory studies, the practical application of OBPs/CSPs-mediated resistance mechanisms still faces multiple challenges. Future research should prioritize multi-gene targeting strategies, cross-species functional validation, and field trial implementation to facilitate the development of green and precise pest control approaches based on OBPs and CSPs, thereby offering new pathways for sustainable agriculture.