A Retrospective Study of the Presentation, Imaging Findings, and Outcomes in 195 Patients with Maxillofacial Fractures Treated with Closed Reduction or Open Reduction with Internal Fixation

BACKGROUND Maxillofacial fractures represent one of the most common forms of traumatic injuries, affecting both function and aesthetics, and are associated with significant morbidity and long-term sequelae. The incidence and distribution of these fractures vary considerably depending on demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic factors. This retrospective study from a single center aimed to evaluate the presentation, imaging findings, and outcomes in 195 patients with maxillofacial fractures treated with closed reduction or open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF). MATERIAL AND METHODS Clinical and radiographic data from 195 patients were reviewed, including age, sex, etiology, fracture site, and treatment modality. Fractures were managed with ORIF using titanium miniplates and screws, intermaxillary fixation (IMF) with screws and elastics, dental splints for selected pediatric cases, or closed reduction for midfacial fractures. Statistical analysis included chi-square or Fisher's exact tests, with P<0.05 considered significant. RESULTS The most common cause of injury was traffic accidents (63.1%), followed by assaults (19.5%) and falls (17.4%). Mandibular fractures were most frequent, particularly in the parasymphysis (29.2%) and symphysis (24.6%) regions. ORIF was performed in 75.4% of cases, IMF in 23.1%, and splints in 9.7%. Significant associations were found between fracture etiology, sex, and treatment modality (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Maxillofacial fractures primarily affect young men and are predominantly caused by traffic accidents. Mandibular fractures, especially in the parasymphysis and symphysis regions, are the most common type, and often require ORIF. These findings emphasize the importance of road safety measures and trauma care resources in regions with limited healthcare access.