Mycotoxins in Post-Harvest Storage: Health Risks and Mitigation Strategies

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi, primarily belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium, which contaminate agricultural commodities during postharvest storage and processing. These toxins pose severe health risks to humans and livestock, including carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, and immunosuppressive effects. Affluents, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol are among the most concerning mycotoxins, each associated with specific diseases such as liver cancer, kidney damage, and hormonal disruptions. Contamination typically occurs under poor storage conditions, including high humidity, inadequate drying, temperature fluctuations, and insect infestations, which facilitate fungal proliferation and toxin production. Despite advances in food safety, the stability of mycotoxins during processing and cooking remains a persistent challenge. This review comprehensively examines the major mycotoxins, their health impacts, and factors contributing to postharvest contamination. In addition, it explores current detection methods, such as chromatographic techniques and rapid immunoassays, alongside emerging biosensor technologies. Mitigation strategies for mycotoxin-resistant crops are discussed in detail, including improved storage practices (hermetic sealing, controlled atmospheres), biological control (antifungal microbes, competitive exclusion), chemical treatments (organic acids, ozonation), and innovative approaches such as nanotechnology and genetic engineering. The review emphasizes the need for an integrated approach that combines pre- and post-harvest interventions to minimize mycotoxin exposure and ensure global food security. Regulatory frameworks, including Codex Alimentarius and FDA guidelines, are also highlighted to underscore the importance of compliance with safety standards. By synthesizing current research and technological advancements, this study aims to provide actionable insights for reducing mycotoxin contamination in the food supply chain.