The global burden of pediatric infective endocarditis (5–14 years): epidemiological patterns from 1990 to 2021 and projected trajectories

While significant progress has been made in reducing the global burden of pediatric IE, major geographic and socio-demographic inequalities persist. Sustained efforts to strengthen early detection, risk stratification, prevention (including rheumatic heart disease control and antibiotic prophylaxis), and equitable access to cardiac care are urgently required-especially in low- and middle-income countries. Enhanced surveillance and data collection will be crucial to monitor trends, evaluate interventions, and achieve further reductions in pediatric IE morbidity and mortality.