Semaglutide and weight management in the Arab countries: Focus on the United Arab Emirates

• Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) have a high prevalence in the UAE. • Semaglutide is one of the most effective drugs for weight loss in obesity and T2D. • Its adverse effects include gastrointestinal disturbances and thyroid cancer risk. • In the UAE projected thyroid cancer rates for 2020–2030 seems fastest in the world. • Need for further region-specific research to ensure safe and effective treatment. Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA), demonstrated significant efficacy in managing obesity and T2D. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), where these conditions are highly prevalent, semaglutide is being increasingly used. However, concerns remain regarding its safety, particularly thyroid-related and gastrointestinal (GI) side-effects. This review aims to investigate the options available for weight management and to evaluate the efficacy and safety of GLP-1RAs, such as semaglutide, in treating obesity and T2D, with a focus on clinical outcomes in the UAE population. A literature review was performed on GLP-1RA/semaglutide’s effectiveness and safety in obesity and T2D, with a special attention to its impact on weight loss and adverse effects, including thyroid and GI side-effects, as well as evidence gaps related to long-term outcomes and pediatric use. Current evidence supports semaglutide’s clinical benefits, but also highlight potential risks, including GI discomfort and thyroid cancer risk. Although conclusive link between GLP-1RA and thyroid cancer risk is not elucidated yet due to conflicting studies reporting either elevated risk or no significant correlation, ongoing monitoring and cautious treatment in high-risk population are highly advised. Given the rising prevalence of thyroid disorders and increasing rates of thyroid cancer in the UAE, there is concern that the Emirati population may face a higher risk of thyroid-related adverse effects compared to global population. Conclusions: While GLP-1RA/semaglutide presents a promising option for obesity and T2D management, further studies with extended durations and detailed safety assessments are essential to guide its effective clinical use in the UAE and globally.