Preventive Effects of Lidocaine, Fentanyl, Acetaminophen, and TENS on Propofol-Induced Injection Pain: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial

All interventions except saline reduced propofol injection pain. Secondary outcomes, including patient satisfaction, recovery time, and hemodynamic stability, were also evaluated, and no significant adverse effects were observed among the interventions. These findings support the use of multiple safe strategies to minimize discomfort during anesthesia induction.