Actual situation analysis of energy poverty issues among nomadic herders in Mongolia

Energy poverty among Mongolian nomadic herders remains a pressing issue requiring solutions considering specific contexts. However, little attention has been given to this topic. To fill this gap, this study first assesses nomadic herders' energy poverty levels, employing the multidimensional energy poverty (MEP) index, then evaluates the performance and limitations of widespread solar home systems (SHSs) in nomadic households in providing sufficient energy for daily needs. The results indicate that Mongolian nomadic herders suffer from moderate to low energy poverty. While SHSs have improved access to electricity for basic needs such as LED lighting and mobile phone charging, they remain insufficient for running large appliances such as refrigerators, freezers, and washing machines. For heating and cooking, nomadic herders still rely on traditional fuels. A key issue is the mismatch between solar energy generation and storage capacity of SHSs. 49 % of households need larger storage batteries, while 51 % experience energy shortages, limiting modern appliance usage. Second-hand lead-acid batteries degrade quickly, posing a financial burden and environmental risk. Unsafe operation of SHSs and improper battery disposal further threaten ecosystems and human health. This study recommends hybrid solar-wind systems, lithium-ion battery adoption, financial incentives, and stricter waste management policies to alleviate energy poverty. Education programs and government interventions are essential for ensuring sustainable, reliable energy solutions for nomadic communities. Fostering public-private partnerships between NGOs, renewable energy firms, and local governments could enhance funding opportunities and infrastructure support, promoting safer and more sustainable energy use. These findings provide valuable basic data and insights for effectively improving energy poverty issues in off-grid nomadic households. • Mongolian nomadic herders are suffering from moderate to low energy poverty. • Energy generation and storage mismatch of solar home systems limits electricity use. • Improper battery use and disposal pose fire hazards and environmental risks.