Mapping of Clustering, Partners, and Geographic Distribution of Biotech SME Clusters Across the UK: A Case Study

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to evaluate which universities spin out biotechnology SMEs, and why some do this successfully while others do not. The research question is: how do institutional, contextual, and geographic factors shape biotechnology spin-out activity among UK universities? A systematic review was carried out, which examined data from the websites of 26 UK universities in 10 geographic regions and 4 industry bodies. To supplement this review, a questionnaire was used to evaluate the factors which encourage universities to spin out. The results show that biotechnology spin-outs tend to be clustered around certain geographical locations. This clustering activity is not deliberate and exists as a by-product of activity. Interestingly, certain universities with good research backgrounds have been shown to produce little to no biotechnology spin-outs. Six themes were noted as drivers for the creation of biotechnology university spin-outs: increased support from universities; funding opportunities; research excellence framework and knowledge exchange framework metrics and impact; geographical location of universities; revenue and profit; a push on technology transfer and intellectual property. The geographical advantage of being near a biotechnology cluster is clear. However, by building a solid research base with an international reputation, a supportive Technology Transfer Office, education for academic staff in entrepreneurial attributes and behaviours, and engaging with biotechnology accelerators, a university can enhance its spin-out success rate even when that university does not have the benefit of geography and a close regional cluster. Graphical Abstract