Anti-Biofilm Efficacy of a Salep Mucilage–Based Pad Containing Nanoethosomal Allium Jesdianum Essential Oil Boiss. for Controlling Healthcare-Associated Infections

Abstract In this study, nanoethosomes (NE th ) solution was made with a mixture of lecithin and ethanol at specific methods and conditions. Then essential oil of Allium jesdianum (AJ EO ) was obtained and combined with the NE th solution to prepare NE th - AJ EO suspension containing lecithin. Next particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation properties, scanning electron microscope, and thermodynamic stability of resulting NE th - AJ EO were determined. The NE th -AJ EO suspension showed remarkable thermodynamic stability when its NE th solution had enough lecithin (5% w/v) and AJ EO (500 µg/mL) in diluted ethanol (35% v/v). Later electrospinning apparatus was employed to make anti-biofilm pad. In this process, the NE th - AJ EO suspension was coated with a mixture of Salep mucilage and polyvinylalcohol (SA MU –PVA) as a shell. The resulting pad was tested against both reference and clinical strains of Acinetobacter baumannii . This prevalent pathogenic is responsible for community-acquired and healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). AJ EO solution at a concentration of 50 µg/mL reduced the viability of A375 melanoma cells and HSF normal fibroblast cells to approximately 70%. At 500 µg/mL, a more pronounced cell-line reduction was observed, indicating a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect. Structural evaluation based on Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the attachment of NE th -AJ EO suspension in the anti-biofilm pad structure. The release-behavior rate of AJ EO (attached with the anti-biofilm pad) demonstrated that it could be controlled without temperature dependence. The final pad (containing 10%wt. NE th -AJ EO ) showed significant mechanical properties and exhibited robust anti-biofilm activity, effectively impacting both the growth and metabolic viability of Acinetobacter baumannii strains. Air–liquid interface biofilm formation revealed a notable decrease in both film thickness and surface coverage following treatment with the anti-biofilm pad. While the NE th -AJ eo showed high potential to be used as the cytotoxic agent on skin cancer cell lines, the prepared pad had anti-biofilm properties and underscored its therapeutic potential, which is against HAIs.