ESMO guidance on the use of Large Language Models in Clinical Practice (ELCAP)
ELCAP provides a three-tier framework and basic practical guidance for LLM use in oncology. ESMO supports efforts to use this framework to improve patient care, but warns against unsupervised or unvalidated use.
Authors
- Alice Indini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8686-4106)
- George E. Pentheroudakis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6632-2462)
- Emanuela Romano
- Isabella C. Wiest (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4848-614X)
- Nadia Harbeck (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9744-7372)
- Susan Halabi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4135-2777)
- Maria Alice Franzoi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2470-6054)
- Mihaela D. Aldea (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7685-051X)
- Evelyn Yi Ting Wong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2569-1261)
- Antonios Valachis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6059-0194)
- Loïc Verlingue (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5694-4022)
- Stephen Gilbert (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1997-1689)
- Renato Umeton (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5561-6932)
- Yongjie Yang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2354-4727)
- Iain Tan
- M. Koopman
- Elizabeth Smyth
- Arsela Prelaj
- Jakob Nikolas Kather
- J.-F. Vibert
- George Kapetanakis
Institutions
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (US)
- Inserm (FR)
- National Health Research Institutes (TW)
- Duke University (US)
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Cornell University (US)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Örebro University (SE)
- Université Paris-Saclay (FR)
- European Society for Medical Oncology (CH)
- Institut Gustave Roussy (FR)
- University Hospital Heidelberg (DE)
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- Centre Léon Bérard (FR)
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (DE)
- Breast Center (CH)
- Hellenic Cancer Society (GR)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (DE)
- National Cancer Centre Singapore (SG)
- Oxford Applied Research (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Oxford BioMedica (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Science Oxford (GB)
- Duke University Hospital (US)
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (IT)
- University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus (DE)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Institut Curie (FR)
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Annals of Oncology
- Published
- 2025-10-18
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2025.09.001
- Citations
- 5
- Primary Topic
- Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 3.27
Funders
- Conquer Cancer Foundation
- Breast Cancer Research Foundation
- Amgen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- AstraZeneca
- Gilead Sciences
- Taiho Pharmaceutical
- Les Laboratories Pierre Fabre
- BeiGene
- Seagen
- Natera
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche
- European Society for Medical Oncology
- Servier
- Ipsen
- Daiichi Sankyo Europe