Anthropometric and metabolic assessment in adults with Down syndrome: the need for novel indices and tailored criteria

Adults with DS display distinct cardiometabolic profiles that are poorly captured by traditional indices. Novel markers such as WHtR, BAI, and VAI offer enhanced insight into metabolic risk, whereas PLR emerges as a potential inflammatory biomarker. These findings underscore the need for population- and sex-specific criteria in evaluating metabolic health in DS. Tailored diagnostic models may improve risk stratification and clinical outcomes for this vulnerable group.