Measurement of the mean number of muons with energies above 500 GeV in air showers detected with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory

We present a measurement of the mean number of muons with energies larger than 500 GeV in near-vertical extensive air showers initiated by cosmic rays with primary energies between 2.5 and 100 PeV. The measurement is based on events detected in coincidence between the surface and in-ice detectors of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. Air showers are recorded on the surface by IceTop, while a bundle of high-energy muons (TeV muons) from the shower can subsequently produce a tracklike event in the IceCube in-ice array. Results are obtained assuming the hadronic interaction models Sibyll 2.1, QGSJet-II.04, and EPOS-LHC. The measured number of TeV muons is found to be in agreement with predictions from air-shower simulations. The results have also been compared to a measurement of low-energy muons by IceTop, indicating an inconsistency between the predictions for low- and high-energy muons in simulations based on the EPOS-LHC model.

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Journal
Physical review. D/Physical review. D.
Published
2025-10-17
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1103/lrjy-3hht
Citations
1
Primary Topic
Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
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article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
1.87

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article

Measurement of the mean number of muons with energies above 500 GeV in air showers detected with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory

S. R. Klein, C. H. Wiebusch, J. Graciá‐Carpio, Linda B. Bloom et al.
1 citations
Physical review. D/Physical review. D.
Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
1.87
article

Measurement of the mean number of muons with energies above 500 GeV in air showers detected with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory

S. R. Klein, C. H. Wiebusch, J. Graciá‐Carpio, Linda B. Bloom, Thijs van Eeden, M. Venugopal, A. Connolly, H. Niederhausen, S. J. Gray, I. C. Mariş, G. M. Spiczak, M. Lamoureux, Y. Ashida, M. Jacquart, A. Garcia, A. Novikov, A. Balagopal V., Thien Nhan Chau, T. Stezelberger, C. Haack, B. A. Clark, C. Argüelles, I. Taboada, A. Medina, S. Shefali, A. Kochocki, P. Zhelnin, Felix Schlüter, D. Soldin, T. Kozynets, K.D. Hoffman, I. Martinez-Soler, N. M. Amin, K. D. de Vries, A. Terliuk, A. Kheirandish, Lars Philipp Heuermann, J. Krishnamoorthi, Yantao Liu, S. Athanasiadou, A. Parenti, Veronika Palušová, G. de Wasseige, Kareem Ramadan Farrag, Leonora Kardum, M. Vereecken, N. Park, J. Braun, Axel Ponten, D. J. Koskinen, T. Stuttard, Matheus Hostert, J. Soedingrekso, Miaochen Jin, P. Hatch, S. Robertson, R. Naab, Carolin Klein, P. Desiati, F. Lucarelli, E. N. Paudel, D. Fox, A. Kappes, F. Halzen, Julia Book, A. Søgaard, N. Heyer, Finn Mayhew, Kaustav Dutta, Elena Manao, C. Bellenghi, Z. Zhang, E. Bernardini, Alicia Mand, F. Bontempo, Leon Hamacher, Shaoqing Yu, Dong Woo Kang, Matthias Thiesmeyer, Oliver Janik, P. Fürst, J. Vandenbroucke, Abhinaba Upadhyay, C. Spannfellner, C. Pérez de los Heros, Cristina Lagunas Gualda, Emma Kun, Sreetama Goswami, Sanjib Kumar Agarwalla, J. Beise, F. Lauber, T. Mukherjee, S. Blot, D. Durnford, Kathrine Mørch Groth, Shinsuke Yoshida, Fahim Varsi, T. Stürwald, S. N. Axani, W. G. Thompson, C. Love, S. Griswold, Gaurav Garg, K. Rawlins, Z. Rechav, M. Seikh, J. J. DeLaunay, Gerhard Krieger, Yarno Merckx, J. Vara, Emre Burak Yildizci, W. Iwakiri, Peter Behrens, H. Pandya, S. Ter–Antonyan, J. Böttcher, P. Weigel, Erin O’Sullivan, M. Dittmer, Marek Daniel Kowalski, E. H. S. Warrick, A. A. Harnisch, M. Prado Rodriguez, A. Khatee Zathul, E. J. Roberts, T. Karg, Lukas Merten, C. Weaver, A. R. Fazely, T. Kontrimas, W. Luszczak, A. Hidvegi, F. G. Schröder, M. Schaufel, R. W. Moore, Akanksha Katil, K. Tollefson, H. Kolanoski, Lilly Pyras, J. van Santen, M. Ha Minh, E. Krupczak, A. Ghadimi, A. Eimer, Simeon Bash, Alex Wen, M. Plum, Imre Bodó, H. Erpenbeck, T. Krishnan, M. Nakos, Z. Chen, A. Obertacke Pollmann, C. Günther, M. U. Nisa, D. Chirkin, J. Rack-Helleis, K. Meagher, A. Noell, Aske Rosted, R. Babu, Xiaolin Xu, Peter John Cusack Coleman, Perri Zilberman, Janeth Valverde, A. Fedynitch, U. Naumann, D. Tosi, Chang Dong Rho, Caterina Boscolo Meneguolo, Minjin Jeong, E. Ganster, Rattikorn Hewett, Vivian O'Dell, R. T. Burley, A. Vaidyanathan, Dan Hooper, C. Glaser, S. Deng, S. BenZvi, J. Kiryluk, X. Bai, A. Coleman, Lea Schlickmann, M. Stamatikos, S. Chattopadhyay, L. Schumacher, S. Mechbal, J. Savelberg, Waleed Esmail, R. Procter-Murphy, J. V. Mead, Joshua Villarreal, J. Osborn, M. A. Campana, D. F. Cowen, Y. Makino, Ke Fang, A. Franckowiak, R. Orsoe, J. P. Lazar, K. Hoshina, Gerrit Wrede, M. Weyrauch, P. A. Evenson, Alejandra Granados, F. McNally, A. Leszczyńska, V. Basu, Bruno Benkel, S. 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article en
1 citations

Abstract

We present a measurement of the mean number of muons with energies larger than 500 GeV in near-vertical extensive air showers initiated by cosmic rays with primary energies between 2.5 and 100 PeV. The measurement is based on events detected in coincidence between the surface and in-ice detectors of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. Air showers are recorded on the surface by IceTop, while a bundle of high-energy muons (TeV muons) from the shower can subsequently produce a tracklike event in the IceCube in-ice array. Results are obtained assuming the hadronic interaction models Sibyll 2.1, QGSJet-II.04, and EPOS-LHC. The measured number of TeV muons is found to be in agreement with predictions from air-shower simulations. The results have also been compared to a measurement of low-energy muons by IceTop, indicating an inconsistency between the predictions for low- and high-energy muons in simulations based on the EPOS-LHC model.

Physical review. D/Physical review. D.Vol. 112(8)
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (DE), Marquette University (US), University of Geneva (CH), Uppsala University (SE), University of Copenhagen (DK), Georgia Institute of Technology (US), Pennsylvania State University (US), Université Libre de Bruxelles (BE), University of Nevada, Las Vegas (US), University of Nevada, Reno (US), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (BE), University of Wisconsin–Madison (US), Harvard University (US), University of Padua (IT), University of Wisconsin–River Falls (US), University of Kansas (US), University of Alaska Anchorage (US), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US), Mercer University (US), University of Alberta (CA), Chiba University (JP), Stockholm University (SE), University of Wuppertal (DE), University of Alabama (US), Simon Fraser University (CA), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE), South Dakota School of Mines and Technology (US), University of Canterbury (NZ), Loyola University Chicago (US), Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE), TU Dortmund University (DE), University of California, Irvine (US), Queen's University (CA), University of Utah (US), University of Münster (DE), Mercer University Health Sciences Center (US), Harvard University Press (US), Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY (DE), University of California System (US), Ghent University (BE), Yale University (US), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE), University of Oxford (GB), Institute of Particle Physics (CA), Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica (TW), The Ohio State University (US), University of Rochester (US), The University of Adelaide (AU), Stony Brook University (US), Technical University of Munich (DE), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US), University of Maryland, College Park (US), Chung-Ang University (KR), Drexel University (US), Southern University (BD), Columbia University (US), Sungkyunkwan University (KR), University of Delaware (US), Michigan State University (US), RWTH Aachen University (DE), Ruhr University Bochum (DE), University of California, Berkeley (US), UCLouvain (BE)
National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Energy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Nvidia, Michigan State University, Villum Fonden, Polarforskningssekretariatet, Marquette University, Western Canada Research Grid, European Commission, National Research Foundation, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Chung-Ang University, Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS, Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, National Research Foundation of Korea, Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse, Vetenskapsrådet, RWTH Aachen University, Chiba University, Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics, Alliance de recherche numérique du Canada, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Marsden Fund, Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Office of Polar Programs, Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure, Office of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research
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Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
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