microRNA-22 Inhibition Stimulates Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Intracellular Degradation Pathways to Prevent Muscle Wasting

MicroRNA-22 (miR-22) is a negative regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, as well as lipid and glucose metabolism, in metabolically active tissues. Silencing miR-22 holds promise as a potential treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome, as it restores metabolic capacity-enhancing oxidative metabolism-and reduces ectopic fat accumulation in chronic obesity, a driver of impaired metabolic flexibility and muscle mass loss. Intramuscular adipose accumulation and defective mitochondrial function are features associated with obese-mediated muscle atrophy and hallmarks of neuromuscular disorders such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Therefore, miR-22 could represent a compelling molecular target to improve muscle health across various muscle-wasting conditions. This study describes a pharmacological strategy for the inhibition of miR-22 in skeletal muscle by employing a mixmer antisense oligonucleotide (ASO, anti-miR-22). Administration of the ASO in a mouse model of obesity positively modulated myogenesis while protecting dystrophic mice from muscle function decline, enhancing fatigue resistance, and limiting pathological fibrotic remodeling. Mechanistically, we show that anti-miR-22 treatment promotes derepression of genes involved in mitochondrial homeostasis, favoring oxidative fiber content regardless of the disease model, thus promoting a more resilient phenotype. Furthermore, we suggest that miR-22 inhibition increases autophagy by transcriptional activation of multiple negative regulators of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling to decrease immune infiltration and fibrosis. These findings position miR-22 as a promising therapeutic target for muscle atrophy and support its potential to restore muscle health.