Innovative Hand Tools: Validation of Ergonomic Descriptors for the Co-Design of an Agricultural Hoe

Manual tools like hoes remain essential in small-scale agriculture, where technological inclusion is limited. Small-scale farmers face significant ergonomic challenges, increasing the risk of musculoskeletal disorders and limiting productive capacity. This study validates an ergonomic hoe prototype through a quasi-experimental and participatory approach. Findings show 96.2% satisfaction rate, reduced physical strain, and improved efficiency. An inverse correlation between discomfort and satisfaction was statistically confirmed (p = .012). Although the tool was well-received, future work should further optimize handle ergonomics and integrate biomechanical metrics. Co-design with users enhances usability and adoption, informing design requirements for healthier and more sustainable agricultural labor.