Factors associated with annual eye examinations among known diabetics in Malaysia: a cross-sectional study from the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2023

Fewer than one-third of adults with DM in Malaysia adhere to the recommended annual eye examinations, with lower compliance observed among Chinese or Indian ethnicities and those with higher household incomes. Targeted educational campaigns for Chinese, Indian, and higher-income adults with DM may encourage regular eye exams and reduce preventable vision loss from DR in Malaysia.