Antibiotic resistance and β-lactam resistant genes among bacterial isolates from clinical, river water and poultry samples from Kathmandu, Nepal

This study demonstrated widespread multidrug resistance (MDR) and ESBL production among clinical, poultry and river water bacterial isolates in the Kathmandu valley. Colistin-resistant <i>E. coli</i> carrying the <i>mcr-1</i> gene, methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> (MRSA) with mecA and metallo-β-lactamase (MBL)-producing <i>P. aeruginosa</i> harboring <i>blaNDM-1</i> were detected across sources. These findings emphasize an urgent One Health approach to curb the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance in the region.