Nanoplatform-based theranostics in glioblastoma: A promising frontier for precision oncology

• Targeted nanoparticles provide enhanced medication delivery across the blood-brain barrier. • Theranostics facilitates real-time imaging of glioblastoma therapy. • Stimulus-responsive nanoparticles provide regulated and accurate drug delivery release. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain neoplasm, characterized by a poor prognosis and resistance to standard treatments. The tumor's infiltrative characteristics and the tight blood-brain barrier (BBB) impede effective therapy. Recent advancements in nanoplatform-based theranostics provide a novel approach by combining targeted drug delivery with real-time diagnostic imaging. Multifunctional nanoparticles, including liposomal, dendrimers, polymeric, and inorganic systems, may be designed to traverse the blood-brain barrier, specifically target glioblastoma cells, provide controlled drug release, and offer molecular imaging using MRI, PET, or fluorescence techniques. Surface modification using ligands or antibodies, such as transferrin or EGFR-targeting agents, improves tumor selectivity and reduces systemic toxicity. Furthermore, stimuli-responsive designs provide site-specific medication activation inside the tumor microenvironment, enhancing therapeutic precision. Preclinical investigations have shown substantial improvements in medication bioavailability, imaging precision, and survival outcomes in GBM models. Despite these breakthroughs, translational obstacles endure, including large-scale synthesis, repeatability, and regulatory approval. Mitigating these hurdles by GMP-scale manufacturing, economical formulations, and multidisciplinary cooperation may expedite clinical acceptance. Nanotheranostic technologies signify a potential advancement in precision oncology, providing concurrent diagnosis, tailored treatment, and real-time monitoring—facilitating personalized and successful management of GBM.