Integrative approaches in sorghum improvement: From nutritional security to industrial sustainability

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a vital, climate-resilient C4 cereal crop that is gaining increasing recognition for its wide industrial potential, yet it remains underutilized compared to maize. This review explores the diverse applications of sorghum and highlights genetic advancements that have contribute to its trait improvement, especially in sustainable agriculture, bioenergy and bioproducts. Sorghum’s high-quality grain, substantial biomass yield and efficient ethanol conversion position it as a promising crop for biofuel production. Additionally, its lignocellulosic biomass serves as a valuable feedstock for biodegradable polymers, resins and other eco-friendly materials, supporting global sustainability goals. The crop’s inherent tolerance to drought and heat, along with minimal input requirements, makes it suitable for low-resource farming systems, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Furthermore, sorghum plays an essential role in food security, serving as a staple food crop in different regions. Advances in molecular breeding, genetic engineering and biotechnology have enabled the development of sorghum varieties tailored for industrial applications, improving traits like biomass composition, stress tolerance and sugar content. Despite its potential, challenges such as climate-induced stress, pests and limited market development persist. Addressing these through collaborative research policy support and innovation can enhance sorghum’s role in climate-smart agriculture and industry. This review underscores sorghum’s adaptability and growing importance in promoting sustainable, resilient agricultural and industrial systems.