Cockle Population Dynamics in a Complex Ecological Aquatic System

<i>Cerastoderma edule</i>, the European edible cockle, is a key species in the coastal ecosystems of Portugal, particularly in Ria de Aveiro, a biodiversity hotspot and a critical area for cockle harvesting. This study aimed to assess the population dynamics of <i>C. edule</i> in Ria de Aveiro, focusing on spatial and seasonal patterns in density, growth, cohort composition, and recruitment areas, to provide baseline data for sustainable management. Our results revealed marked spatial and seasonal variability in cockle density, ranging from complete absence at some upstream sites to peaks of over 5900 ind. m^-2, with recruitment concentrated in summer and early autumn. Environmental gradients, particularly decreasing salinity inland, seasonal temperature shifts, and current velocity, strongly shaped the distribution of recruits and adults, while cohort lifespan and growth performance varied with sediment conditions and lagoon position. Concerningly, the maximum mean shell length observed is close to the legal minimum catch size, raising questions about population sustainability under current harvesting pressures. This interplay of environmental drivers and harvesting pressures poses risks to population viability. Effective management strategies, including adjusted catch sizes, seasonal harvesting bans, and habitat conservation, are essential to ensure the sustainable exploitation of cockles in Ria de Aveiro. Enhanced research and monitoring efforts are recommended to support informed management decisions and protect this valuable resource.