Developing science-informed maps and climate service for extreme rainfall in Spain

Abstract This study introduces the first high-resolution hazard probability maps of extreme precipitation for Spain, marking a significant step toward a national climate service for hydrometeorological extremes. Using long-term daily precipitation records from a dense network of stations and incorporating topographic data, the methodology combines the Generalized Pareto distribution with universal kriging to spatially interpolate distribution parameters. These maps offer reliable estimates of extreme precipitation quantiles, validated against station-level observations, and are based on a stationary modelling framework—an approach supported by recent findings showing the temporal stability of such extremes in Spain and considered more robust than non-stationary alternatives. Distinct spatial patterns emerge, with intense daily precipitation distributed mainly along the Mediterranean coast and high total event precipitation in the northwest and southwest, reflecting the influence of varied weather systems. To support decision-making, the study aggregates these high-resolution data at the provincial level, aligning risk information with administrative boundaries, and enhancing its relevance for policy and planning. Furthermore, the maps are made accessible via an interactive online platform ( https://retornolluvias.csic.es ), enabling users to explore localized hazard probabilities, thereby supporting adaptation in water management and civil protection, among others.