A taxonomic revision of Adonis (Ranunculaceae) in Kazakhstan

In this study, we conducted a taxonomic revision of the genus Adonis in Kazakhstan based on herbarium specimens and field observations collected between 2021 and 2025. In addition, we assessed the distributions and regional conservation status of each taxon. As a result, eight taxa were recognized, comprising six species and two subspecies. Among these, A. aestivalis subsp. aestivalis was identified as an introduced taxon in Kazakhstan. Regarding regional conservation status, one species was categorized as endangered, two species as vulnerable, three species as near threatened, and three species as of least concern. Identification keys and detailed taxonomic treatments are provided for all known Adonis taxa in Kazakstan, along with notes on their distribution, habitat, and examined specimens. Additionally, we have designated a lectotype for A. chrysocyathus in the present study. Based on our results, we recommend that A. apennina be included and A. volgensis excluded from the next edition of the Red Data Book of Kazakhstan. This study enhances our understanding of the systematics of Adonis in Kazakhstan and provides a foundation for further floristic and conservation studies.