The Ecological Sensitivity of Traditional Villages Based on Multi-Source Data and Spatial Mechanisms: A Comparative Study of Typical Provinces in China

Ecological sensitivity provides a critical scientific foundation for enhancing the resilience and sustainable development of traditional villages. However, regional differences in ecological sensitivity remain underexplored. This study investigated the spatial heterogeneity in representative northern (Hebei) and southern (Hubei) Chinese provinces using a sensitivity–resilience–pressure model. Our integrated indicator system incorporates natural ecological and socioeconomic dimensions. Through AHP-GIS analysis, we revealed a significantly higher ecological sensitivity in Hebei than in Hubei. The core drivers include GDP density, population density, and road network density, which critically constrain rural sustainability. We elucidate region-specific natural–socioeconomic coupling mechanisms and provide targeted insights for optimising conservation strategies, particularly for reconciling environmental resilience with economic advancement.