Addressing Bipolaris sorokiniana in wheat: challenges, management strategies, and future directions for sustainable food security

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a staple crop vital to global food security; however, its production is threatened by various diseases caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana. This fungal pathogen causes multiple wheat diseases, such as spot blotch, common root rot, and seedling blight, leading to considerable yield losses worldwide. Its ability to thrive in diverse geographic and climatic conditions, coupled with its broad host range and seed-borne nature, exacerbates its impact on wheat production. Management strategies rely on crop rotation, fungicides, and resistant cultivars, but they often fall short due to the pathogen’s adaptability. This review explores the taxonomy, morphology, economic impact, and reproductive biology of B. sorokiniana, highlighting its epidemiological characteristics. Effective integrated disease management (IDM) of this pathogen remains challenging due to its genetic diversity, environmental adaptability, and the limitations of existing control strategies. We discuss the influence of environmental factors and host-pathogen interactions on disease development, along with the genetic diversity and population structure of the pathogen. Various management strategies, including cultural practices, biological control, host resistance, chemical control, and seed treatment, are utilized for their effectiveness and limitations. The emerging role of biotechnological innovations, such as CRISPR, RNAi, and advanced breeding technologies, is explored as a promising avenue for developing durable resistance in wheat cultivars. Integrating these innovative approaches can address the pressing challenges in managing this pathogen and secure wheat production for future generations. This manuscript emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary approach to combat B. sorokiniana, fostering resilience in wheat systems and contributing to global food security.