High-Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on PVDF/Cellulose Filter Paper Composites for Internet of Things-Assisted Wireless Sensing and Energy Harvesting

Porous structured triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) with biodegradable properties exhibit dual functionalities of self-powered sensing and energy harvesting, and gradually become promising candidates for the next generation of medical electronic devices. However, their further applications are hindered by inadequate output performance and device sustainability. In this study, we present a TENG that utilizes a composite membrane of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and cellulose filter paper (CFP) as an enhanced positive friction layer. The PVDF/CFP-based TENG not only exhibits exceptional operational stability and a high open-circuit voltage (<i>V</i>_oc) of up to 230 V. But also owing to its rapid response capability, achieves real-time perception of dynamic mechanical stimuli and precise recognition of subtle movements. Building on this foundation, we have successfully constructed a self-powered sensing system. In this system, the TENG intermittently powers a 4G communication module via a power management circuit, enabling real-time signal acquisition, wireless data transmission, and cloud interaction. Furthermore, by integrating a deep learning-assisted signal processing framework, the system achieves remarkable accuracy in recognizing multiple human actions. This research provides a practical and innovative approach to enhancing the functionality of TENGs in the fields of wearable devices, health monitoring, and human-machine interaction.