Flipping the Script on Implicit Bias Research with the Bias of Crowds

We are grateful to the many commenters who contributed insightful additions and thoughtful critiques in response to the target article (Payne, Vuletich, & Lundberg, this issue). In this reply, we focus first on areas of general agreement before considering some of the most widely shared criticisms of the model. Next we discuss some of the narrower critiques, including methodological and statistical considerations that bear on the roles of persons and situations. Finally, we take stock of the model in light of these commentaries and sketch an agenda for future research that we hope will make the bias of crowds model useful for advancing the understanding of unintended prejudice and how to combat it.