Sustained release fertilizers: A pathway to increased crop yield and efficient nutrient utilization - A review

Food scarcity has emerged as a critical global challenge due to the rapid increase in population, necessitating innovative agricultural solutions to enhance crop productivity. The Green Revolution introduced synthetic fertilizers to increase yields; however, their excessive and inefficient use has led to nutrient leaching, soil degradation and adverse environmental impacts. Sustained Release Fertilizers (SRFs) provide a sustainable alternative by ensuring a gradual and controlled release of nutrients in the rhizosphere, thereby optimizing nutrient uptake and improving plant growth. SRFs, including slow and controlled-release fertilizers, enhance nutrient use efficiency (NUE) by synchronizing nutrient availability with crop growth stages, reducing nutrient losses and minimizing environmental pollution. These fertilizers not only mitigate the negative effects of conventional fertilizers but also contribute to long-term soil fertility and water conservation. This review explores the mechanisms of SRFs, their types, external factors influencing nutrient release and their impact on crop yield and soil health. Furthermore, the integration of SRFs with precision agriculture and sustainable farming practices offers an effective strategy to improve agricultural productivity while reducing excessive fertilizer application. By addressing nutrient management challenges, SRFs represent a promising approach to ensuring future food security and promoting environmentally responsible agricultural practices.