Recent progress in low-cost methods for electrochemical sensor fabrication

Electrochemical sensors have become essential tools in modern technology. They are recognized for their high sensitivity, selectivity, and real-time detection ability. As technology progresses, electrochemical sensors have evolved, providing improved performance, and opening new opportunities for on-the-spot detection and analysis. Their applications extend across various fields, such as medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food safety. The largest application area of sensors is undoubtedly biomedical sciences, where their integration has significantly advanced diagnostics, monitoring, and treatment. This review summarizes recent progress in low-cost electrochemical sensor fabrication methods, including 3D printing, laser-induced graphene, CD/DVD recycling, and conductive inks. We highlight their performances, cost-effectiveness, and scalability, emphasizing biomedical diagnostics while also considering environmental, forensic, and industrial applications. The discussion outlines both achievements and remaining challenges, offering perspectives for future development.