Resilience and adaptation of indigenous cattle to harsh environments: a case study of the Muturu breed

Due to their unique adaptive traits and genetic composition, indigenous livestock play an important role in ensuring sustainable livestock production in challenging environments. This is particularly important, as ecosystems around the world are seriously threatened by climate change, and it is estimated that a sizeable number of animal species may become extinct due to abnormal weather patterns. This review explores the behavioural, genetic and physiological characteristics that contribute to the resilience of Muturu cattle, including robust immunological responses and effective thermoregulation. Unlike exotic breeds, Muturu cattle require fewer inputs and are a dependable source of meat, milk and draught power, making them crucial socioeconomic assets, especially for smallholder farmers. Despite their advantages, Muturu cattle face serious dangers. Their population is in danger because of grazing land encroachment, crossbreeding with exotic breeds, and the increasing effects of climate change. These difficulties are exacerbated by a lack of research and minimal conservation. This review emphasises the necessity of a multifaceted strategy to protect and improve Muturu cattle's resilience and also attempts to offer a framework for utilising the distinctive qualities of Muturu cattle to enhance food security and resilience in the face of environmental challenges.