Uneven paths toward sustainability in Africa: A multidimensional and Spatio-temporal assessment of SDG progress (2000–2022)

The present study undertakes an analysis of the progress of African countries towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) from 2000 to 2022. The study employs the DP2 index to evaluate the dimensions of sustainable development across the continent. In addition, the application of cluster analysis facilitates the identification of groups of countries with similar development patterns. The results highlight that, despite some localized progress, deep inequalities persist among African countries, with diverging sustainable development trajectories and a tendency for polarization between groups of countries. Temporal analysis highlights incremental and positive transitions to SDGs in different countries, while others experience negative inertia. The originality of this study lies in the temporal and spatial comparison of African countries' SDGs and the identification of differences in evolutionary patterns. The research makes an original contribution to theory by outlining typological differences at a country- and regional level. Policymakers can leverage these findings to develop effective context-specific strategies for advancing transition toward SDGs. • The paper analyses the evolution toward the SDGs in African countries from 2000 to 2022. • Combines the DP2 index with cluster analysis to provide multidimensional insights. • Reveals diverging development paths and inequalities across clusters. • Provides actionable guidance for national, regional, and continental strategies.