Cosmic evolution under f(𝒬,𝒯 ) gravity: An energy conditions analysis

This study explores the cosmological implications of [Formula: see text] gravity. By using two distinct scale factor models, we derive the corresponding field equations within a spatially flat FLRW background. We then analyze key cosmological parameters, including the Hubble parameter, deceleration parameter, energy density, and pressure, to assess the model’s ability to describe cosmic evolution. Our investigation of the energy conditions demonstrates that the Null Energy Condition (NEC) and the Dominant Energy Condition (DEC) are satisfied within certain parameter ranges, while the Strong Energy Condition (SEC) is violated. This violation is consistent with current observational evidence. In addition, a stability analysis based on the squared speed of sound, [Formula: see text], confirms that both models remain dynamically stable, as [Formula: see text] stays positive throughout cosmic evolution. Our findings suggest that [Formula: see text] gravity presents a viable alternative to dark energy models, offering potential insights into late-time cosmic acceleration and the complex relationship between geometry and matter.