Antibacterial textile coatings with strategies for long-term performance and environmental safety

Antibacterial coatings for textiles have become a pivotal innovation in the textile industry, addressing the increasing demand for hygienic and multifunctional fabrics across various applications, including healthcare, sportswear and home textiles. These coatings inhibit microbial growth, control odor and enhance fabric durability. Among various strategies, nanocomposite-based coatings, particularly those incorporating metal nanoparticles such as silver and copper, exhibit strong antibacterial properties but face challenges related to environmental toxicity and diminished efficacy after repeated laundering. In contrast, biopolymer-based coatings that utilize materials like chitosan and alginate offer eco-friendly alternatives but struggle with long-term performance. Recent advancements in hybrid organic-inorganic systems, nanocomposite coatings and superhydrophobic surfaces show promise in overcoming these challenges, providing durable and sustainable antibacterial solutions. This review explores the mechanisms, materials and real-world performance of antibacterial fabric coatings, highlighting innovations such as plasma pretreatment, crosslinking agents and multifunctional designs. Emphasis is placed on the need for environmentally safe, scalable and cost-effective technologies to meet the growing global demand for durable antibacterial textiles. The review underscores the importance of developing coatings that keep their antibacterial efficacy after repeated laundering and exposure to environmental factors, ensuring long-term functionality and sustainability. • Overview of antibacterial coating types: inorganic, organic, and nanocomposite systems. • Emphasis on coating durability post-laundering and environmental exposure. • Role of crosslinkers and nanocomposites in enhancing antibacterial performance. • Addresses nanocomposite leaching, cost, and comfort challenges in real applications. • Highlights eco-safe coatings and AI-driven design for future textile innovations.