Circulation of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens Species in Mosquitoes in the Southeastern Part of Romania, Under the Influence of Climate Change

Dirofilariosis, a parasitic disease caused by nematodes of the genus <i>Dirofilaria</i>, primarily affects dogs but can also infect other carnivores and, more rarely, humans. In Europe, the most commonly involved species are <i>D. immitis</i> and <i>D. repens</i>, transmitted through the bites of mosquito vectors. This study, conducted in Tulcea County between April and October 2024, aimed to determine the prevalence of <i>D. immitis</i> and <i>D. repens</i> in mosquitoes. A total of 1507 mosquitoes were collected and grouped into 76 pools, and subsequently molecular analysis was carried out using qPCR. The estimated infection rate (EIR) was calculated using statistical methods available in the 'binGroup' package in R, which allow the determination of the point estimate and confidence interval (CI) for a single binomial proportion in group testing. The study revealed a high infection rate with <i>D. immitis</i> (48%), while <i>D. repens</i> was identified in only two pools. The species with the highest vector potential was <i>Anopheles maculipennis</i> (PTP = 75%, EIR = 0.1168 with both <i>Dirofilaria</i> species), followed by Aedes vexans. Notably, Aedes albopictus was identified for the first time in Tulcea, and all individuals were positive for <i>D. immitis</i>. Simulations of local thermal conditions using the proposed model show that the favorable time window for mosquitoes will increase until 2100. Our results indicate an established and active transmission cycle of <i>D. immitis</i> in the region, a situation projected to intensify with climate change requiring urgent monitoring.