Transgenerational Cold Acclimation and Contribution of Gut Bacteria in Spodoptera frugiperda

The study of cold stress and adaptability can provide a theoretical basis for predicting and controlling pests. Temperature shapes gut microbiota composition, and gut microbiota may affect insect temperature tolerance. However, the underlying mechanisms and bacteria species involved in insect temperature tolerance through gut microbiota are still poorly known. In this study, using a multigenerational cold-acclimation design and 16S rDNA sequencing, we investigated the possible pattern of cold acclimation and the contribution of gut bacteria in <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i>. Results show that during cold acclimation, larval mortality decreased and pupation rate increased with the increase of treating generations, exhibiting some sort of cold adaptation. Cold tolerance tests showed that cold-acclimated adults exhibited significantly higher survival rates under extreme cold stress than those of controls. Cold acclimation also leads to the cost of reproductive fitness, indicating some trade-offs between survival and reproduction. Antibiotic treatment significantly decreased fitness and cold tolerance not only in the un-acclimated lines but also in cold-acclimated lines. Biodiversity studies through 16S RNA sequencing suggested that antibiotic ingestion disrupted the homeostasis of gut microbes. Differential analysis at the genus and species levels further showed that there were nine genera and eight species that had remarkably higher abundance in cold-acclimated lines compared with controls. References-based functional annotation revealed that most of these bacteria may play essential roles in the cold adaptation of hosts. These results provide valuable insights into the contribution of microbiota to insect fitness and will be valuable for guiding the future development of sustainable pest management approaches.