Social perception of renewable energies: barriers and opportunities for an inclusive energy transition

The energy transition from an energy mix based on fossil fuel sources to one based on renewable energy is increasingly part of the public agenda in the European Union. The horizon is the fight against climate change and thus a paradigm shift for the progressive electrification and decarbonization of the social, productive and consumption systems. However, the transition to a sustainable development model must be fair and inclusive for present and future generations and accordingly depends on the social perception of this process. This research contributes to addressing the gap in the literature and aims to delve into the social perceptions of the population towards renewable energies in Spain. The results reveal that though renewable energies are largely supported by public opinion, along with environmental protection and health, this concern wanes when it affects the household energy bill. Furthermore, knowledge about technical and economic aspects of these renewable technologies is limited. This research also highlights the public's confidence in universities – thus in science – and the low level of trust in political parties regarding energy-related information. Finally, social acceptance of solar energy and biomass can be observed in rural areas, whereas there is lower approval in larger urban areas. The research has been carried out based on the Survey of Social Perception on Support for Renewable Energies, being the first representative survey at the national level in Spain. These findings contribute to policy design and performance regarding the transition to renewable energy technologies and its close relation to public opinion. • A high level of social support for renewable energy, especially solar energy is observed. • The population perceives renewable energies as better for the environment and health. • There is social acceptance of solar energy and biomass in rural areas, but lower approval in larger urban areas. • Nuclear energy is not considered to be an alternative in the energy transition. • Universities are the most trusted institutions for energy information and science-based knowledge.