Royal Jelly in modern biomedicine: A review of its bioactive constituents and health benefits

Royal jelly (RJ) is a nutrient-rich secretion produced by honeybees, known for its wide range of physiological and pharmacological effects. Comprising a complex mixture of proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, polyphenols, and hormones, RJ exhibits significant therapeutic potential across multiple domains of health. Key bioactive constituents such as 10-hydroxy-2( E )-decenoic acid (10-HDA), major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs), royalisin, apisimin, and jelleins are central to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anticancer wound-healing, longevity-promoting, and anti-aging effects. By supporting tissue repair and regeneration, RJ shows promise for medical and therapeutic applications. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms behind RJ's diverse biological activities and underscores its potential as a multifunctional therapeutic agent. The findings emphasize the need for further clinical research to validate RJ's efficacy and integrate it into evidence-based medical practice. Highlights • Royal jelly (RJ) is a nutraceutical product rich in bioactive components such as major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs), 10-HDA, flavonoids, and phenolics. • RJ exhibits a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, immunomodulatory, and wound healing effects. • 10-HDA and MRJPs are identified as critical constituents contributing to RJ's anticancer, anti-aging, and regenerative effects. • RJ modulates gut microbiota composition and has demonstrated potential in alleviating inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. • Despite strong preclinical evidence, further clinical studies are needed to validate the safety and efficacy of RJ in evidence-based therapeutic applications.